Concepts of Decision of making

Introduction Decision making is act of making a choice between alternatives. On the other hand uncertainty is the absence of all or some information about the future. According to Longford, S. (2008) intelligence is not only the information that has been selected and collected, but also analyzed and evaluated and distributed to meet the unique policy making needs of an enterprise.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Decision of making specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Decision Making Intelligence can be a possible way of reduction of the uncertainties that may exist in making decisions. This is made possible through the intelligence cycle. Intelligence cycle commence with direction, collection, collation, evaluation, analysis in respectively. First intelligence enables the decision maker to deviate from the norms. By so doing the decision maker reduces uncertainty because new and better actions will be tak en to reduce the risk in decision making. Indicators is a prerequisite in this case because there must be some set of limit. Secondly, for one to possess intelligence, he/she must have undergone training. Training is a means through which one acquires the essential skills, models, tools and techniques for processing information. Employment of this tools and skills enables one make appropriate decisions hence reducing the uncertainties. Another process in the intelligent cycle is direction. Direction is the definition of the problem which the decision makers want to make. When a vague and uniformed direction is undertaken improper decisions will be made and uncertainties increased. Skills posed by intelligent decision makers help them give specific and informed direction leading to reduction of uncertainty. After defining the problem, pertinent information must be gathered to aid in decision making. Intelligence ensures planning and lateral thinking i.e. considering all possibilities . When all possible results are incorporated in decision making, the uncertainty level gets filled. Planning as well makes sure that proper sorting is done thereby availing the appropriate data. All this is only possible when there is intelligence. Moreover, the intelligence stage of evaluation is instrumental in the minimization of uncertainty. Evaluation can be described as the determination of the quality and than truthfulness of information. Awareness will then be created and tactics designed to help mitigate the menace of misleading information. When this is reduced, the decisions undertaken will be viable and this reduces uncertainty levels.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cognitive bias makes a decision maker to be skewed in the kind of choice made. It entails the situation where perception outweigh need and the mindset that limits the scope of wider thinking. Intelli gence reduces this problem by encouraging products delineated assumption and specific uncertainty and sources. It also ensures periodic reexamination, emphasis on procedure and realism. This will add value to the decisions made and thus declining the uncertainty levels Conclusion Finally, effective dissemination of information also reduces uncertainty. If information is properly disseminated, the loophole of conflicting sources that may further increase uncertainties is eradicated. In this way intelligence reduce uncertainty, It can thus be concluded that intelligence reduce uncertainty and therefore should be upheld when making. Reference list Longford, S. (2008). Uncertainty in decision-making: Intelligence as a solution. In G. Bammer M. Smithson, Uncertainty and risk: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Stirling, London: Earthscan[Type text] This essay on Concepts of Decision of making was written and submitted by user Hayley T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

America Of mice and men essays

America Of mice and men essays The American Dream now day's is living in a huge mansion on an island with all the luxurious things you could ask for. During the Depression the American Dream was to have a small house and be able to grow crops to be able to have your own business. In Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck uses George and Lennies version of the American Dream to represent the low standards of the Depression. George and Lennie fought hard to try and accomplish their dream. ` Someday-were gonna get the jack together and were gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an a cow and some pigs and live off the fatta the lan. ` They were always thinking of how they could get the land and the little house they always wanted. Steinbeck has George and Lennie always talk about their dream to make it to where the reader knows that, they have always wanted to fulfill this dream of theirs and that it could happen for them. There were many characters throughout the book who did not believe in George and Lennies dream. Many of them thought that they could never do it. The American Dream was set at a low standard during the Depression. Many people were jumping from job to job or just trying to find a job. ` There wouldnt be no more runnin around the country and getting fed by a Jap cook. `(57) The American Dream was set at such a low standard mostly because of the income that people were making, some peoples dreams were to just find a house and some land to be able to live off of while others dreams were to just get a job to be able to survive. ` They come an they quit an go on, an every damn one of ems got a little piece of land in his head. ` (74) Some people did survive and did make there dream come true but than there were some that didnt. ...

Plato's ideas of a philosopher and its relevance in modern politics Essay

Plato's ideas of a philosopher and its relevance in modern politics - Essay Example They have important knowledge and are capable of achieving perfect one. They have the ability to educate the society with the truth due to the fact that they simply love wisdom and even just the thought of having it. They want to learn many things and it does not conceal the fact that indeed they love to acquire much more wisdom and they are more knowledgeable than any other. Regarding this, there are three important questions this essay addresses: Why, according to Plato, are philosophers considered useless by the general public? Why does Plato think that they are (potentially) useful? If the general public thinks that philosophers are useless, can they ever be useful? The metaphor of the ship â€Å"Imagine then a fleet or a ship in which there is a captain, who is taller and stronger than any of the crew, but he is a little deaf and has a similar infirmity in sight, and his knowledge of navigation is not much better†1. In this statement, Plato tried to emphasize that someone who is able to lead should definitely has knowledge about everything he or she is doing. It is not just enough to have physical strength just like the captain in the metaphor as having characteristics such as being taller and stronger than any of the crew in the ship, but it is important that someone must be able to have perfect knowledge about its role in order to play it perfectly right in front of the public. Plato did not deny the fact that someone who has the responsibility to lead should have important physical characteristics to ensure strength and possession of ultimate power. However, what he wanted to stress out is the fact that knowledge is important because just like the captain of the ship, the entire vessels should head on to the right direction. In directing the vessel to the right direction, the captain should essentially have important background, experiences or knowledge about navigation. Most importantly, he has the ability to learn which is the thought strongly emphasized by Plato through the use of the body parts associated with learning such as the eyes and ears. Plato emphasized these basic parts of the body as important components in understanding things or everything about in the world. The general public â€Å"Now in vessels which are in a state of mutiny and by sailors who are mutineers, how will the true pilot be regarded? Will he not be called by them a prater, a star-gazer, a good-for-nothing?†2. This statement simply illustrates the general public’s treatment towards philosophers. In this statement, Plato regarded the general public as having argumentative attitudes towards correct ideals. It is presented in this situation that the general public has the freedom on how they would show their treatment towards philosophers in line with their role in directing people and leading them towards certain directions. The general public certainly does not want to make agreement with the philosopher when in fact he has the ab ility to think among any other and has the potential to lead and learn the knowledge about something else. Just like in the case of the captain in the metaphor of the ship in the â€Å"The Republic†, although he is definitely has the potential strength to lead the entire crew of the ship, Plato ironically wants to emphasize that someone remarkably needs to have knowledge and the right ideals about everything else as far as moving forward to the right direction is concerned. However, Plato just wanted to emphasize that the general

Law in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law in Business - Essay Example ding health and safety in the workplace, in order to determine whether a claim should be brought for breach of the legislation instead of a simple claim in negligence. After examining all of the above it should be possible to reach a conclusion with regard to the potential claims of each party, and to advise them on the prospect of bringing a successful action against the employer. In bringing a claim for negligence the plaintiff has to demonstrate that the respondent owed them a duty of care1 and that as a direct result of a breach of that duty they have suffered financial loss or injury. One of the key factors used by the courts in assessing liability is the foreseeability of the event. The court will analyse the circumstances of the incident and then determine from there, whether the respondent ought to have foreseen the outcome, or should have anticipated that such an event might occur. Duty of care was first addressed in Donoghue v Stevenson2. As a result of this case the neighbour test came into existence. This case was important because it established the right of the applicant to bring an action against a manufacturer rather than against the retailer. In recent times the courts have altered the principle into the proximity test. This test was used by the courts in Heaven v Pender3. The plaintiff in this case was able to persuade the court to hold the employer liable for not providing a safe working environment for the plaintiff. The court held that the staging and ropes were not it to be used, and that as a result of that the plaintiff was involved in a serious accident. In summing up Brett MR made the observation that whenever one person is by circumstances placed in such a position with regard to another, that every one of ordinary  sense who did think would at once recognise that if he did not use ordinary care and skill in his own conduct with regard to those circumstances he would cause danger of injury to the person or property of the other, a duty

Individual and Organizational Approaches to Manage Stress in the Essay - 1

Individual and Organizational Approaches to Manage Stress in the Workplace - Essay Example This paper illustrates that stress is a standard term which is used in the society to describe the feelings of a person who is under pressure, depression, or any kind of tension. Stress is not an injury or disease, so employees cannot claim compensation for the same unless and until stress results in physical injury. The mental injury that occurs due to work-related stress is known as psychological damage. The symptoms that are usually seen in such circumstances are anxiety, adjustment disorder, depression, and trauma. These injuries are compensable under the Safety, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act of 1988. In order to better explain the stress at a workplace and its effect on the well-being of an individual, the stress models would be scrutinized to comprehend the complex association between the stress at a workplace and its negative effects on the physical and psychological health of the employees. The Demand-control-support theory or model projected by Karasek suggests that th e increasing and decreasing demand may result in a negative outcome. This means the employees who have high demands at the workplace have less control over their work; therefore exposure to stress is high. Similarly, the employee whose demand is low is also stressed because he/she feels inferior to others. The revised theories in this model also state that in both the cases the probability or risk of illness is high due to social pressure. Similarly, Siegrist’s effort-reward imbalance model discloses the imbalance that lies between the effort of the employees and the rewards at the workplace. So the failure of an employee to receive reward or recognition at workplace also results in depression and anxiety. The Demand-control-support theory or model projected by Karasek and the Effort-reward imbalance model focus on the relationship between the work and health.

Trabecular Bone Structure of the Distal Radius

Trabecular Bone Structure of the Distal Radius Background information The distal end of the radius forms two palpable points, radially the styloid process and Listers tubercle on the ulnar side. Many studies have been carried out using a variety of methods to evaluate bone strength, mineralisation and architecture. Using skeletal remains to identify degradation of the trabecular bone in both male and female of various ages at death. Previous research in the field of forensic anthropology has shown that regional variation across such sections may be masked through use of a global analysis provides good results but with room to improve as technology becomes increasingly available (Boyd, S. 2015). Sode et al carried out a study that looked at sectioning the distal radius into axial sections and using high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) to conclude whether similar results were obtained through global analysis and sectional analysis. The distal end of the radius forms two physical points, the styloid process on the radius side and Listers tubercle on the ulnar side. A medullary cavity is enclosed in a strong wall of compact bone, which is thickest at the interosseous border and thinnest at the extremities. The trabeculae of the spongy tissue arch at the upper end and pass from the compact layer of the shaft to the articular head. The radius has a body and two extremities. Sectioning the distal radius and taking images that can be analysed, measured and averages taken will provide higher accuracy and minimise artefacts found in other studies. HR-pQCT is a non-invasive, method for assessing bone microarchitecture and volumetric bone mineral density in cortical and trabecular compartments of the distal radius that has a low radiation risk. Its use in clinical research has increased enormously in recent years and has changed the understanding of age-related changes and sex differences in bone microarchitecture. Changes in bone structure across a wide range of bone metabolic disorders, fracture risk have also benefitted from this method. The accessibility of HR-pQCT has made it viable to gage three-dimensional bone microarchitecture and volumetric bone mineral density in vivo, with an accuracy that had yet to be achieved with other methods ( ). Recent studies using this new imaging tool has amplified understanding of age-related changes and sex differences in bone microarchitecture. The use of finite element analysis modelling to non-invasively estimate bone strength and predict fractures using reconstructed three-dimensional images is a great benefit and more suitable than invasive techniques using stronger doses of radiation. Regional analysis, by dividing the HR-pQCT images of the radius cross-section, provides corresponding information about the core structural diversity of trabecular structure that is coupled with underlying biomechanical conditions. We hypothesize that trabecular bone structure varies spatially across the trabecular compartment at the distal radius, and the degree of differences due to gender and age depend on the region. Gordon et al suggests the increased sensitivity achieved by their indices suggests that an in vivo assessment of trabecular bone structure can contribute significantly to the identification of persons at risk of fracture in the living (Gordon, C., Webber, C., Adachi, J. and Christoforou, N.2017). AIM OF PROPOSED RESEARCH Regional variation in trabecular structure across axial sections is often obscured by the conventional global analysis, which takes an average value for the entire trabecular compartment. The objective of this study is to use in vivo HR-pQCT to investigate regional variations in trabecular structure at the distal radius and its differences due to gender and age. HYPOTHESIS As age progression occurs, the bone volume fraction in trabecular bone of the distal radius will decrease as age increases. The null hypothesis concur that the bone volume fraction will show no change as age increases. RECRUITMENT       Access to a large, modern, well documented bone collection is available. Provenance, age, sex and cause of death are known. Radial bones will be sourced from this collection to include individuals ranging from 18 78 years of age. Two groups, male and female will be used. Statistical values were calculated and are shown in table 1. Table 1: Results of the statistical calculations used on the data set. An estimation of 278 samples is needed for this study. However, for research to progress, this data and calculation will again be confirmed to ensure the figures are correct for valid results. INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA Bones from the radius will be used from the collection and taken from individuals of both genders aged 18 -78 at time of death. Any specimens indicating pathology will be void from this study. ASSUMPTIONS AND PRECAUTIONS Based on a previous study, carried out by Boyd et al states that HR-pQCT is a non-invasive, low-radiation method for the analysis of bone specimens meaning that very limited exposure will result. Health and safety will be witnessed while using the apparatus necessary to obtain the images. In agreement with guidelines published by the health and safety executive in 2012 the doses of radiation will also be monitored and recorded. Personal protective equipment to include a laboratory coat, gloves and goggles will be worn to prevent contamination or damage to the bone collection. As demonstrated in numerous studies conventional global analysis can obscure regional differences. MATERIALS Equipment required for this study is based on the study using HR-pQCT led by Sode et al (Sode et al., 2008) High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT)- the XtremeCT Image Processing Language (Scanco Medical AG, Brà ¼ttisellen, Switzerland) Matlab Finite element analysis (FEA) modeling   Ã‚   The x-ray source potential was 60 kVp with a current of 900 ÃŽÂ ¼A. A two-dimensional detector containing 3072 ÃÆ'- 256 CCD elements was used to acquire 750 projections at a 100 ms integration time per projection. The 12.6 mm field of view was reconstructed across a 1536 ÃÆ'- 1536 matrix, yielding 82 ÃŽÂ ¼m isotropic voxels. The images were segmented and managed in agreement with the standard patient-style analysis protocol using Image Processing Language (Sode et al., 2008). ANALYSIS The HR-pQCT systems have been thoroughly tested for both accuracy and precision using ÃŽÂ ¼CT of ex vivo bone as the gold-standard (Sode et al., 2008). The distal radius of each subject was imaged using an in vivo HR-pQCT scanner. A 10mm section of the radius was imaged on both sides to avoid dominant hand Bias. Acquisition time per image was 3 minutes per scan and images were instantly reviewed for artifacts and repeated if any were detected (Boyd, 2015). 9 images were excluded due to artifacts. A semi-automated edge-defining algorithm was applied to mark areas of cortical bone and the target trabecular bone on the surface. The cortical and trabecular regions were sectioned automatically by the analysis protocol as described in detail by Laib et al (Laib et al,1996). Using MATLAB, the trabecular region was divided into inner and outer sub regions. Additionally, inner and outer trabecular compartments were divided into bony quadrants at each section based on the defined reference line from MATLAB to give 8 sub regions in total. Statistical analysis was undertaken using a Shapiro-Wilk test to predict the normality of the data. Due to separation and standard deviation of trabecular separation the data was not normally distributed so non-parametric statistical analysis was carried out. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK This method of analysing trabecular bone thickness will be a valuable tool both with cadaveric material and living individuals due to the low radiation risk associated. In terms of research to aid the living many fields could gain invaluable knowledge of the risk of fractures and the development and tracking of disease such as osteoporosis. The repeatability of this study will enable others to repeat with greater sample numbers. However, at present its high cost means HR-pQCT is still a research tool, the high resolution and efficiency of this method exposes advantages over the methods used at present for bone assessment which will in time prove an invaluable clinical tool. In the future, regional differences in age-related changes of trabecular structure at the distal radius should be examined in a longitudinal study using slighlty larger radial cross sections. References Boutroy, S., Van Rietbergen, B., Sornay-Rendu, E., Munoz, F., Bouxsein, M. and Delmas, P. (2007). Finite Element Analysis Based on In Vivo HR-pQCT Images of the Distal Radius Is Associated with Wrist Fracture in Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 23(3), pp.392-399. Boyd, S. (2015). High resolution imaging of bones by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Bone Abstracts. Clarke, B. (2017). Normal Bone Anatomy and Physiology. [online] Clinical journal of the American society of nephrology. Available at: http://cjasn.asnjournals.org/content/3/Supplement_3/S131.full [Accessed 19 Mar. 2017]. Dalzell, N., Kaptoge, S., Morris, N., Berthier, A., Koller, B., Braak, L., van Rietbergen, B. and Reeve, J. (2009). Bone micro-architecture and determinants of strength in the radius and tibia: age-related changes in a population-based study of normal adults measured with high-resolution pQCT. Osteoporosis International, 20(10), pp.1683-1694. Dixon, A. and Jamieson, E. (1937). Dixons manual of human osteology. 1st ed. Oxford: University Press. GENANT, H. (2006). Advanced Imaging Assessment of Bone Quality. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1068(1), pp.410-428. Gordon, C., Webber, C., Adachi, J. and Christoforou, N. (2017). In vivo assessment of trabecular bone structure at the distal radius from high-resolution computed tomography images. Kalpakcioglu, B., Engelke, K. and Genant, H. (2011). Advanced imaging assessment of bone fragility in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Bone, 48(6), pp.1221-1231. Laib, A., Hildebrand, T. and Rà ¼egsegger, P. (1996). In vivo assessment of trabecular bone structure with 3D computed tomography and local reconstruction. Bone, 19(3), p.147. Li, H., Zhang, A., Bone, L., Buyea, C. and Ramanathan, M. (2014). A Network Modeling Approach for the Spatial Distribution and Structure of Bone Mineral Content. The AAPS Journal, 16(3), pp.478-487. MacNeil, J. and Boyd, S. (2007). Accuracy of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography for measurement of bone quality. Medical Engineering Physics, 29(10), pp.1096-1105. McDonald, J. (2012). Standardisation in Standards. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 148(4), pp.387-388. Melton, L., Riggs, B., van Lenthe, G., Achenbach, S., Mà ¼ller, R., Bouxsein, M., Amin, S., Atkinson, E. and Khosla, S. (2007). Contribution of In Vivo Structural Measurements and Load/Strength Ratios to the Determination of Forearm Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 22(9), pp.1442-1448. Moore, K., Agur, A. and Dalley, A. (2015). Essential clinical anatomy. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health. Popp, A., Buffat, H., Eberli, U., Lippuner, K., Ernst, M., Richards, R., Stadelmann, V. and Windolf, M. (2014). Microstructural Parameters of Bone Evaluated Using HR-pQCT Correlate with the DXA-Derived Cortical Index and the Trabecular Bone Score in a Cohort of Randomly Selected Premenopausal Women. PLoS ONE, 9(2), p. e88946. Sode, M., Burghardt, A., Kazakia, G., Link, T. and Majumdar, S. (2010). Regional variations of gender-specific and age-related differences in trabecular bone structure of the distal radius and tibia. Bone, 46(6), pp.1652-1660. Sode, M., Burghardt, A., Nissenson, R. and Majumdar, S. (2008). Resolution Dependence of the Non-Metric Trabecular Structure Indices. Bone, 42(4), pp.728-736. White, T. and Folkens, P. (2005). The human bone manual. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic, pp.31-48.

Galatians Bible Argument Essay -- Religion, Bible, Paul

I. Introduction 1:1-9 In this opening chapter, Paul begins with a formal introduction of himself. He asserts the source from whom he obtained his apostolic call and ministry from- the risen Christ and â€Å"God the Father† (v.1). He follows with a stern rebuke of the Galatian Christians who have allowed themselves to be duped into to embracing the heretical teachings promulgated by the Judaizers. A. Salutation 1:1-5 Paul establishes his credentials forthrightly and formally. This was crucial in terms of validating the ensuing message of the epistle. His readership, as well as his critics (the Judaizers), needed to be reminded of his apostolic authority as he attacked the heresy that had taken foothold in the Galatian Christian community. Denunciation 1:6-10 For Paul, the subversive teaching of the Judaizers warranted the pronouncement of a curse (i.e., anathema). The fact that Paul repeats the â€Å"anathema† in v.9 speaks to the seriousness of the offense. Clearly, this was a situation that required more than a mere reprimand. Thus, the apostle is not concerned with being socially lauded, esteemed, etc. The transgression was egregious and the consequences should be as well. II. Personal: Paul’s Credentials 1:11-2-2:21 Paul reasserts the authenticity and authority of his apostleship in this section. He does so by describing the unique manner by which he was called to into the Lord’s service (cf. Acts 9:1- 18). Years subsequent to the apostle’s special call (i.e., 3 and 14 years, respectively), he met some of the other apostles (i.e., Peter, James). It was crucial that Paul reassert and defend his divine appointment so that his message to the deceived Galatian believers would be regarded as legitimately apostolic and thus authorative. ... ...cerning the intent of the Law, sonship vs. slave status, the Law vs. liberty in Christ, and the practical manifestation of justification evidenced in the production of spiritual fruit as the believer â€Å"walks by the Spirit†. Perhaps the passage that best represents the message of this theologically robust epistle is Gal. 2:16a which reads, â€Å"nevertheless knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the Law but through faith in Christ Jesus†. This is the message that Paul asserts from his introductory comments in chapter one to his closing comments in chapter six. Moreover, Christians today will avoid the mistake of the Galatian Christians provided that we continue standing firm in the grace of our Lord Jesus. We must always be mindful of the fact that it is Jesus who is the author of our salvation (Heb 2:10)- the author and perfector of faith (Heb. 12:2).

Genetically Modified Foods Essay

The topic of genetically modified foods is one that is hotly debated, but the problem is that the phrase GMO is very broad and encompasses techniques and modifications to food that you potentially should and shouldn’t be concerned about. At this point in time there doesn’t seem to be an overt benefit or risk to consuming GMO foods. According to the FDA, the big three GMO foods are soybeans, corn, and canola. But the FDA has also evaluated the safety of genetic modifications to flax, tomatoes, potatoes, cantaloupe, alfalfa, creeping bentgrass, papaya, sugar beets, wheat, squash, radicchio, and plums. The FDA lists consultations on GMO foods and what was genetically modified in the food to warrant the safety consultation on its website. GMOs, or â€Å"genetically modified organisms,† are plants or animals that have been genetically engineered with DNA from bacteria, viruses or other plants and animals. These experimental combinations of genes from different species cannot occur in nature or in traditional crossbreeding. The world population has topped 6 billion people and is predicted to double in the next 50 years. Ensuring an adequate food supply for this booming population is going to be a major challenge in the years to come. GM foods promise to meet this need in a number of ways: Pest Resistance: Crop losses from insect pests can be staggering, resulting in devastating financial loss for farmers and starvation in developing countries. Farmers typically use many tons of chemical pesticides annually. Consumers do not wish to eat food that has been treated with pesticides because of potential health hazards, and run-off of agricultural wastes from excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers can poison the water supply and cause harm to the environment. Growing GM foods such as B. t. corn can help eliminate the application of chemical pesticides and reduce the cost of bringing a crop to market. Herbicide tolerance: For some crops, it is not cost-effective to remove weeds by physical means such as tilling, so farmers will often spray large quantities of different herbicides (weed-killer) to destroy weeds, a time-consuming and expensive process, that requires care so that the herbicide doesn’t harm the crop plant or the environment. Crop plants genetically-engineered to be resistant to one very powerful herbicide could help prevent environmental damage by reducing the amount of herbicides needed. For example, Monsanto has created a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be not affected by their herbicide product Roundup. A farmer grows these soybeans which then only require one application of weed-killer instead of multiple applications, reducing production cost and limiting the dangers of agricultural waste run-off. Disease resistance There are many viruses, fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases. Plant biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases. Cold Tolerance: Unexpected frost can destroy sensitive seedlings. An antifreeze gene from cold water fish has been introduced into plants such as tobacco and potato. With this antifreeze gene, these plants are able to tolerate cold temperatures that normally would kill unmodified seedlings. Drought tolerance/salinity tolerance: As the world population grows and more land is utilized for housing instead of food production, farmers will need to grow crops in locations previously unsuited for plant cultivation. Creating plants that can withstand long periods of drought or high salt content in soil and groundwater will help people to grow crops in formerly inhospitable places. Nutrition:Malnutrition is common in third world countries where impoverished peoples rely on a single crop such as rice for the main staple of their diet. However, rice does not contain adequate amounts of all necessary nutrients to prevent malnutrition. If rice could be genetically engineered to contain additional vitamins and minerals, nutrient deficiencies could be alleviated. For example, blindness due to vitamin A deficiency is a common problem in third world countries. Researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute for Plant Sciences have created a strain of â€Å"golden† rice containing an unusually high content of beta-carotene (vitamin A). Since this rice was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, a non-profit organization, the Institute hopes to offer the golden rice seed free to any third world country that requests it. Plans were underway to develop a golden rice that also has increased iron content. However, the grant that funded the creation of these two rice strains was not renewed, perhaps because of the vigorous anti-GM food protesting in Europe, and so this nutritionally-enhanced rice may not come to market at all. GMO is essentially the next evolution of crossbreeding. Common ingredients derived from GMO risk crops are; Amino Acids, Aspartame, Ascorbic Acid, Sodium Ascorbate, Vitamin C, Citric Acid, Sodium Citrate, Ethanol, Flavorings (â€Å"natural† and â€Å"artificial†), High-Fructose Corn Syrup, Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein, Lactic Acid, Maltodextrins, Molasses, Monosodium Glutamate, Sucrose, Textured Vegetable Protein (TVP), Xanthan Gum, Vitamins, Yeast Products. These ingredients are found in almost all the foods and snacks that we consume everyday and feed to our growing children. The notations above are just some examples of how GMO’s could be helpful to our crops, but there are also risks as well. There is a growing body of evidence connects GMOs with health problems, environmental damage and violation of farmers’ and consumers’ rights. Grass roots organizations have been crying foul since GMOs were first introduced into the food system approximately 20 years ago. Many people believe the consumption of GMOs may contribute to serious health issues. In fact, recent studies raise serious concerns about the safety of GMOs and show they may contribute to the following conditions: Intestinal Disorders: An Australian study recently claimed that pigs fed genetically modified (GM) soy and corn displayed a 32 percent rate of severe stomach inflammation whereas pigs not fed a GMO diet only showed 12 percent. Infertility: A study performed at the University of Vienna showed that mice fed GM corn over a period of twenty weeks had impaired fertility. In addition, some of the offspring of the mice displayed decreased weight. Kidney and Liver Issues: The International Journal of Biological Sciences offers a study that showed certain varieties of GM corn to have a negative impact on kidney and liver function. As a result, the study concluded that some GM varieties may contribute to hepatorenal toxicity. Increased Allergies: While it’s hard to pinpoint the source of any food allergy, there is concern that new proteins in GM soy and corn crops might increase their frequency. Organ Toxicity: An abstract from the National Institutes of Health (PubMed) indicates that studies show most GM foods cause some form of toxicity to certain organs such as the pancreas, kidneys, and reproductive organs and also show hematological, biochemical, and immunological factors. They go on to mention that major studies over many years will be required in order to support these findings. GMO is essentially the next evolution of crossbreeding. Common ingredients derived from GMO risk crops are; Amino Acids, Aspartame, Ascorbic Acid, Sodium Ascorbate, Vitamin C, Citric Acid, Sodium Citrate, Ethanol, Flavorings (â€Å"natural† and â€Å"artificial†), High-Fructose Corn Syrup, Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein, Lactic Acid, Maltodextrins, Molasses, Monosodium Glutamate, Sucrose, Textured Vegetable Protein (TVP), Xanthan Gum, Vitamins, Yeast Products. These ingredients are found in almost all the foods and snacks that we consume everyday and feed to our growing children. If the risk of consuming GMO’s are overall harmful to the human bodies; then all food containing ANY GMO’s should be labeled specifically. This way each consumer is aware of that they are ingesting for their own personal health concerns or lifestyle. http://www. shape. com/healthy-eating/diet-tips/ask-diet-doctor-gmo-foods http://www. nongmoproject. org/learn-more/ http://touch. organicauthority. com/organicauthority/#! /entry/8-reasons-gmos-are-bad-for-you,516d81d0d7fc7b5670b377dc http://organic. lovetoknow. com/Why_GMOs_Are_Bad.

Foreshadowing What is Foreshadowing How to Use it (Sneakily)

Foreshadowing What is Foreshadowing How to Use it (Sneakily) Foreshadowing: What is Foreshadowing How to Use it (Sneakily) Without foreshadowing in your bookyou run the risk of an unsatisfying story.Let’s be honest, how many of us pick up a book, read half of it, get busy and never get back to it?Life or other books get in the way and, well, as good as that book was, we were never really hooked. There was nothing compelling us to read to the end.No harm, no foul, right?Wrong.When you’re the author of that halfsOne of the best ways to learn any skill, including foreshadowing, is to look at examples and understand why they were done.Here are some of our top foreshadowing examples (you probably recognize) that you can learn from in order to put these writing tips to use.Foreshadowing Example #1 Nightlock in Hunger GamesBy now, we all pretty much know the story of Katniss Everdeen, the selfless sister who bravely sacrificed herself as a Hunger Game competition in order to save her younger sister.This series has a number of fantastic foreshadowing examples, but one that sticks out to us the mos t is the prevalence of nightlock, a poisonous berry that causes death upon consumption.These are the instances in which the use of nightlock is used as foreshadowing:In the beginning of the book, we learn that Katniss is well #2 Obi #3 Lennie Killing in Of Mice and MenIf youre familiar with Of Mice and Men (meaning, if your teachers made you read it in school), you know that Lennie, a mentally delayed man, kills his puppy by being too rough with it #4 The Prologue in Game of ThronesIf youve read George R.R. Martins Game of Thrones, you know just how vital the prologue of the series is- they even recreated this perfectly in the HBO show.The White Walkers in Game of Thrones are among the biggest threats in the world Martin has created. They become the center of conflict and dread.Martin foreshadows this from the very, very beginning by narrating some men venturing beyond the wall, all thinking the White Walkers are just a myth- a legend meant to scare children at bedtime.The end of the the prologue in Game of ThronesDuring this prologue (spoiler alert), all the men, aside from one man of the Nights Watch, are killed.This single man runs away (from The Wall) and is intercepted in Winterfell as a deserter, where he tells this story to those who dont believe him. This is the key foreshadowing moment of the potential horror the white walkers induce in this series.The Power of Foreshadowing and the Writer’s 6th SenseLet’s talk about one of the greatest plot twists in modern cinematic history: The 6th Sense.Before I go on, spoiler alert!.. you have been warned!If we weren’t prepared for the surprising fact that Bruce Willis’ character was actually dead, we’d meet that final, climactic reveal with confusion and anger. Instead, M. Night Shyamalan painstakingly prepares us with visual effects like one’s misty breath when a ghost appears, he has Haley Joel Osment tells out outright that some ghosts, â€Å"Don’t even kno w that they’re dead,† and when the reveal finally happens, it’s met with a montage of all the moments that M. Night Shyamalan foreshadowed that shocking plot twist.And most of us still left the theatre going: â€Å"I didn’t see that coming.†What none of us did do was leave the theater disappointed or confused, saying, â€Å"Well that came out of nowhere.† Make no mistake, when used correctly, foreshadowing can be more of your most powerful tools in keeping your reader hooked.How to Use Foreshadowing in Your NovelThere are five common foreshadowing techniques that will never get old.Use them wisely and readers will be hooked for life (and give you those 5-star Amazon reviews).#1 ProphecyWith ultimate power comes ultimate†¦knowledge? Wait†¦that’s not right.But what is right is that as the author, you possess god-like powers over your characters. You make them do, say or think anything. You know what is going to happen to them down to the last word they utter. You’ve seen it all.You can see the future!Trouble is, it’s all in your head.That’s when you can use a prophetic character or event in your book to foreshadow what’s coming. It could come in the form of an actual prophet screaming from the hilltops that the ‘end is nigh’†¦ and then the end actually becomes nigh.Or some wise old man who says something like, â€Å"When I was a young lad, those dark clouds meant a storm was coming.†One example of this foreshadowing in books is Professor Trelawney in J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter.Professor Trelawney is seen as a fraud by many (if not all) of her students, particularly when she has her episodes. However, Rowling wrote this in such a way that you as a reader also dont believe what shes saying is truewhen in fact, it is.Whatever you choose to do, use your secondary characters in your book to prophesize (foreshadow) events yet to come.# 2 Chekov’s Gun There is an old rule in writing, known as Checkovs Gun: If you see a gun in Act One, it better go off in Act Three.I find that the opposite is equally true. If a gun goes off in Act Three, you better have shown it earlier.By focusing on some detail, especially one that isn’t immediately obvious as important, you are essentially giving your reader a heads up that this will come back in some significant way later on in the story.A famous (non-gun) example of this is the Nightlock poisonous berries in the Hunger Games, as we mentioned in the examples above. At the climax of the book (spoiler alert), Katniss threatens to commit suicide by eating the berries.This is foreshadowed three times:First, at the beginning of the book when we see her out in the wilderness, foraging for food. We learn that she knows what’s poisonous and what’s not.The second time occurs at the Capital when she is training for the Games. In that scene, we actually read about Nightlock.The third time is when, during the Games, Katniss finds a dead tribute who accidently poisoned herself by eating the berries.We saw the gun, ahhh, I mean berries, several times before that big climactic moment.And because of that, we knew they’d be important (and we also didn’t think, â€Å"Well, isn’t that convenient† when they did show up.In other words, the author foreshadowed that big final moment.#3 OmensRed sky at night, shepherds delight. Red sky in the morning, shepherds warning.OK, so if your main character is a shepherd and it’s about to go down, then delight your readers with a dawn that lights the sky blood red.What are omens?Omens, or common cultural symbols, can be extremely effective tools when foreshadowing a coming plot point.Here are some examples of common omens in fiction:A black cat for bad luckA four-leaf clover for good luckWalking under a ladderFinding a penny heads upA crow symbolizing deathNOTE for foreshadowing with omens: You do n’t have to stick to omens from our world. Make them up! For example, if you’re writing a novel thats set in some magical kingdom or a distant planet, ask yourself, â€Å"What are the ‘omens’ they have?†It could be anything†¦ touching a Minotaur’s horn, seeing a mermaid, the three moons simultaneously appearing in the morning sky, etc.,†¦Just make sure that whatever you decide, you adequately explain it to the reader, too.#4 I Got This Weird FeelingThree characters walk into an abandoned cabin. One of them says, â€Å"I got a bad feeling about this†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and BOOM!You’re away to the foreshadowing races!Here’s the literary schtick: In real life, when your mom calls you because she had a bad dream about you getting hit by a bus, it’s just her being overprotective. (Jeez mom, chill. I’ll look both ways when I cross the road. I promise.)But in fiction, if a character’s mother calls them with t hat same bad dream, it better be foreshadowing events to come (or don’t include that little tidbit at all).#5 Outline your book for better foreshadowingIts very, very hard to drop foreshadowing hints if you have no idea where your book is going.For that reason, outlining your book will help you create much stronger (and sneakier) foreshadowing elements. Think of it this way: the more you know about your own story, the better foreshadowing bits and pieces you can leave behind in order to hide them better from your readers.#6 Flashbacks/Flash ForwardsSetting a scene outside of the narrative timeline can also be an effective foreshadowing tool.For example, you could have a flash forward scene with a sinking ship, then return to the story’s present time, three hours earlier, and the reader can watch with delight as the hero boards that very same ship.Oh boy- someone gonna drown!Or, a character could walk into a room and smell a strange, meaty odor that leads to a flashba ck of a time when he was fighting a gang of cannibals who were barbequing his buddy.Oh wait- someone is getting grilled!These elements are very helpful in creating foreshadowing but remember that flashbacks and flash-forwards should also show up elsewhere in your novel instead of just for a single foreshadowing event.So there you have it, foreshadowing and all its mighty powers. Use this tool wisely, young Padowan, and I promise, you’ll have your reader frantically turning the pages until the glorious end.Are you ready to write a bestselling novel?If youre ready to write a book that leaves readers with their jaws on the floor, heres where you can start.

The electorate of the people essays

The electorate of the people essays The electorate of the people, Tocqueville and Mill The election of officials is a sticky situation. In a democracy the people rule and elect the officials that they want. But what happens when they start choosing unqualified persons and the quality of the ruling becomes poor? Or what happens when the majority rules over the minority, disallowing the minority to have any say in government? Alexis de Tocqueville and John Stuart Mill both have suggestions to assuage the problem. In this paper I will approach Tocquevilles comparison of the US houses in congress, in favor of the senates two part election; And Mills large district election. In conclusion I will support Mill because his proportionate representation and weighted voting solve the problems of better qualified officials and electors, and supporting every person even minorities. In the time of Jacksonian Democracy, in which Tocqueville did his research, the mass electorate had taken hold and everyman could rise through the ranks of elected positions in government. With some complaint Tocqueville states, In Europe many people either believe without saying or say with out believing that one of the great advantages of universal suffrage is to summon men worthy of public confidence to the direction of affairs. Further, believing that the people who dont really know how to rule have an instinct that tells them who would be the best ruler and always have a sincere desire to the good of the state. However, though this was the thought in Europe and America at the time, Tocqueville felt bound to disagree with this assessment. "When I arrived in the United States I discovered with astonishment that good qualities were common among the governed but rare among the rulers. In our day it is a constant fact that the most outstanding Americans are seldom summoned to public office, and it must be recognized that this tendency has increased ...

Global warming and bacteria Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global warming and bacteria - Research Paper Example These paper seeks to discuss global warming in relation to environmental microbiology. In doing this, the paper will analyze the general characteristics of bacteria and relate them to the aspect of global warming to ascertain how they affect the environment of microbes Bacteria and archaea are significantly used in cycles of almost all essential elements. For example, in the nitrogen cycle, the nitrogen fixing bacteria such as rhizobium fix nitrogen, which insinuates that they convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into biological nitrogen that plants can use to build plant proteins. Photosynthetic algae and cyanobacteria form a major component of the marine plankton. They play a major role in the carbon cycle through photosynthesis and form the basis of food chains in the oceanic environments. Some species of bacteria are useful in the environment, and in the end can help in mitigating the problem of global warming. Prochlorococcus and synechococcus are single celled cyanobacteria, th e smallest yet most abundant photosynthetic microbes in the oceanic ecosystems. Researchers have established that these microbes have the ability to remove about 10 billion tonnes of carbon from the air each year. With this information, scientists hope to find out reasons as to why these cyanobacteria are successful in their photosynthesis and the ability to harness such microbial power can slow down the increases of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases thereby mitigating global warming and reducing significantly the effects of climate change globally.

Why Liberals Should Hate the Hate Crime Legislation Research Paper

Why Liberals Should Hate the Hate Crime Legislation - Research Paper Example It is essential to put into perspective the view that increased penalties for hate crimes are in fact justifiable, with a view to assessing its plausibility. The major reason for having increased penalties for harsh crimes is because, as opposed to regular crimes, hate crimes normally hurt a whole social group (Hurd 215). Whenever an individual commits a hate crime, it is evident that they are not doing it against the victim only, but as a matter of expressing their dislike and contempt for the whole social group. This being the case, therefore, a hate crime is not a crime against an individual, but a crime against a social group, of which, if the perpetrator of the crime could have the ability, he/she would harm the whole group. It, therefore, follows that even when a perpetrator of hate crime would seek to be charged equally with a regular crime perpetrator, doing so would be an injustice to the regular perpetrator of crime since one crime is definitely weightier than the other, ow ing to the number of individuals it hurts. Thus, there is a general agreement that hate crimes are crimes of a higher magnitude compared to regular crimes, in regard to the number of individuals hurt by such crimes, and thus should carry a higher penalty. Even when Hurd disagrees with the higher penalties attached to hate crime compared to regular crimes, there is a general agreement that owing to the number of people hurt by hate crimes, such criminals deserve a higher penalty. The second argument in support for higher penalties for hate crimes is the fact that hate crimes represent significantly greater culpability on the part of the perpetrator (Hurd 216). This is because the committal of a hate crime is a display of a long pre-meditated course of action, as opposed to the inadvertent cause of crimes. This places the perpetrator of such crimes in a more culpable position since those who plan to hurt others are more culpable than those who commit incidental crimes, without any pre -meditation (Hurd 219).